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David K
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Missions, just the FACTS, a project...
I am working on a new (3rd) edition of our 2012 book with co-author Max Kurillo. The Old Missions of Baja & Alta California, 1697-1834.
This book first was published in 2012 and had a revision the following year when we took new photos at Guadalupe among other edits.
The purpose of the book was to correctly include the missions in Baja California with those in Alta California, in the order they were founded, as
they were all California missions and the two Californias were not separated politically until 1804 after most of the missions were established.
The book gave only some basic history of all 48 missions with several photos and lists to help display history as it actually happened. That book is
out-of-print and we have received requests for it to be reissued.
That project inspired me to write my 2016 book, Baja California Land of Missions, which has much more detail and history but only of the missions in
Baja California.
As with my other projects, I value the (serious) input of my Nomad friends.
So, possibly for the new book, which will be completely different from the 2012 edition...
Here is a basic summary of the Baja missions that may appear near the top of their pages in the new book... (the second number from El Rosario on is
the position when included with the Alta California missions). This is just a worksheet and probably doesn't have much interest with most of you, so
no worries:
Mission number and common name
Official name
Founding date
Founding Order
Founding priest(s)
Building dates or site status
Closing date
#1 Loreto
Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó
October 25, 1697
Jesuit
Padre Juan María de Salvatierra
Stone church constructed from 1740 to about 1750. New roof and bell tower added in 1955.
Closed in 1829
#2 San Javier
San Francisco Javier de Biaundo
November 1, 1699 (relocated 5 miles south in 1710)
Jesuit
Padre Francisco Pícolo
Stone church constructed from 1744 to 1758.
Closed in 1817
#3 Ligüí
San Juan Bautista de Ligüí (de Malibat)
November 1705
Jesuit
Padre Pedro de Ugarte
No ruins
Abandoned in 1721
#4 Mulegé
Santa Rosalía de Mulegé
November 1705
Jesuit
Padre Juan Basaldúa
Stone church constructed 1757 to 1766.
Closed in 1828.
#5 Comondú
San José de Comondú
1708 (relocated 22 miles south in 1736)
Jesuit
Padre Julián de Mayorga
Stone church constructed 1754 to 1760, demolished in 1936. A side chapel was preserved.
Closed in 1827.
#6 La Purísima
La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomó
January 1, 1720
Jesuit
Padre Nicolás Tamaral
No church ruins, two crypts remain to mark the mission.
Closed in 1826.
#7 La Paz
Nuestra Señora del Pilar de la Paz
November 3, 1720 (relocated 50 miles south to Todos Santos in 1748, 1 mile south in 1825)
Jesuit
Padre Jaime Bravo, Padre Juan de Ugarte
No ruins remain at La Paz or the second site. Reconstructed, enlarged church at the third site.
Closed in 1840.
#8 Guadalupe
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Huasinapí
December 12, 1720
Jesuit
Padre Everarado Helen
Ruins from the 1750s.
Closed in 1795.
#9 Los Dolores
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (Apaté and Chillá)
August 2, 1721 (relocated 15 miles southwest in 1741 to La Pasión)
Jesuit
Padre Clemente Guillén
Ruins at both sites, with only rubble and foundation stones at second site.
Closed in 1768.
#10 Santiago
Santiago el Apóstol Aiñiní
1724 (relocated 2 miles south in 1736)
Jesuit
Padre Ignacio Nápoli
Modern church on second site.
Closed in 1795.
#11 San Ignacio
San Ignacio de Kadakaamán
January 20, 1728
Jesuit
Padre Juan Luyando
Stone church construction from 1761 to 1767 and again from 1779 to 1786.
Closed in 1840.
#12 San José del Cabo
San José del Cabo Añuití
April 8, 1730 (relocated 3 times)
Jesuit
Padre Nicolás Tamaral, Padre José de Echeverría
Modern church on final site.
Closed from 1748 to 1768 and finally in 1840.
#13 Santa Rosa (Todos Santos)
Santa Rosa de las Palmas
August 1733
Jesuit
Padre Sigusmundo Taraval
No ruins remain. Modern church and playground on the site.
Terminated in 1748 when the older mission at La Paz was relocated to here.
#14 San Luis Gonzaga
San Luis Gonzaga Chiriyaqui
July 14, 1737
Jesuit
Padre Lambert Hostell
Stone church constructed from 1753 to 1758
Closed on August 20, 1768 by the Spanish government.
#15 Santa Gertrudis
Santa Gertrudis
July 15, 1752
Jesuit
Padre Georg Retz
Stone church construction completed in 1796
Closed in 1822
#16 San Borja
San Francisco de Borja Adac
September 1, 1762
Jesuit
Padre Wenceslaus Linck
Adobe ruins from 1759-1773. Stone church constructed to 1801.
Closed in 1818
#17 Calamajué/ Santa María
Nuestra Señora de Columna/ Santa María de los Angeles
October 16, 1766 (relocated 30 miles northwest and renamed on May 26, 1767)
Jesuit
Padre Victoriano Arnés, Padre Juan Diez
Adobe outlines at 1766 site. Adobe buildings at second site from 1768-1769.
Abandoned in 1774 or 1775.
#18 San Fernando
San Fernando de Velicatá
May 14, 1769
Franciscan
Padre Junípero Serra
Adobe ruins remaining date to the 1790s
Closed in 1822
#19/ #24 El Rosario
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Viñadaco
July 24, 1774 (relocated 2 miles west in 1802)
Dominican
Padre Francisco Galistéo
Adobe ruins at both sites
Closed in 1822
#20/ #25 Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo
August 30, 1775 (relocated 2.5 miles east in 1798)
Dominican
PadreMiguel Hidalgo, Padre Manuel Garcia
Adobe ruins at second site.
Closed in 1822
#21/ #29 San Vicente
San Vicente Ferrer
August 27, 1780
Dominican
Padre Miguel Hidalgo, Padre Joaquín Valero
Adobe ruins
Closed in 1829
#22/ #32 San Miguel
San Miguel Arcángel
March 28, 1787 (moved 7 miles west in 1788 and north 8 miles in 1810, then back)
Dominican
Padre Luis Sales
Adobe ruins at the second site.
Abandoned in 1834
#23/ #34 Santo Tomás
Santo Tomás de Aquino
April 24, 1791 (moved 1 mile east in 1794 and 3 more miles east in 1799)
Dominican
Padre José Loriénte
Adobe ruins at final site.
Abandoned in 1849
#24/ #37 San Pedro Mártir
San Pedro Mártir de Verona
April 27, 1794 (relocated 7 miles south after just 3 months)
Dominican
Padre Caietano Pallás, Padre Pablo Grijálva, Padre José Loriénte
Stone footings at first site. Stone walls at second site.
Abandoned in 1811
#25/ #42 Santa Catalina
Santa Catalina Virgen y Mártir
November 12, 1797
Dominican
Padre José Loriénte, Padre Tomás Valdellón
Footing stones
Abandoned in 1839
#26/ #45 Descanso (not a Spanish mission)
El Descanso
1830 (near the 1810 moved San Miguel mission site)
Dominican
Padre Felix Caballero
Floor and footings exposed and protected next to the modern church.
Abandoned in 1834
#27/ #48 Guadalupe (not a Spanish mission)
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
July 25, 1834
Dominican
Padre Felix Caballero
Footings exposed
Abandoned in 1840.
[Edited on 12-29-2021 by David K]
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4x4abc
Ultra Nomad
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what I would like to see:
the number of Jesuits/soldiers (management) at each mission
the number of indians (workforce) at each mission
with an indication of minimum number and when
plus maximum number and when
Harald Pietschmann
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Paco Facullo
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Quote: Originally posted by 4x4abc  | what I would like to see:
the number of Jesuits/soldiers (management) at each mission
the number of indians (workforce) at each mission
with an indication of minimum number and when
plus maximum number and when |
Did they keep such detailed information ???
Since I've given up all hope, I feel much better
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David K
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The number of Jesuits, with their names and what missions they served at is in my book, Harald. At the most, there were 16 Jesuits in California (Baja
California) at the time of the expulsion. (page 30)
The number of Spanish soldiers was minimal and varied from 18 to 60 during the Jesuit period (up to 15 missions open). In the beginning, the Jesuits
had to finance the entire occupation/conversion project. Later, they were able to get the government to pay the soldiers.
In 1717, the crown (royal government) agreed to support 25 soldiers... and the Jesuits would pay for a few more. Around 30 in 1734.
After the Pericú Revolt, ten soldiers were based at the missions of Santiago, San José del Cabo, and La Paz with a total of 60 now paid for by the
king.... until the expulsion in 1768.
In addition to the few padres and the soldiers, craftsmen (masons) were brought across the gulf to create the stone churches. Sadly, there are few
population details in the letters of the padres other than the number of baptisms.
I tried to include a lot of these details in my book as they do give a view back in time.
Harald, if you can get a copy of Harry Crosby's 1994 book, Antigua California, he goes into much detail on the soldiers and craftsmen that were
mentioned by the Jesuits.
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4x4abc
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so, each mission would likely have only one Jesuit present?
Maybe a soldier or two?
what a lonely life
Harald Pietschmann
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David K
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Exactly...
When the Franciscans arrived, only 16 came... one for each existing mission plus the reopened San José del Cabo mission.
When the Dominicans came in 1773 to replace the Franciscans in Baja, they had two per mission.
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4x4abc
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so why would they build that big effing highway?
The Camino Real
Harald Pietschmann
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David K
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El Camino Real was the Jesuit's lines of communication and supply between not only their missions but the visitas and ports, too. It was a trail wide
enough for horses, mules, and donkeys as there were no wagons nor could any navigate the cuestas (grades) along the Camino Real. The original mission
road from Loreto to El Rosario, as it progressed north after the second mission was founded (1699-1774) is exposed on Google Earth at www.caminorealbaja.com
[Edited on 6-10-2018 by David K]
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4x4abc
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why is it that the missions south (Ligüi, Dolores, Gonzaga, La Paz, Santiago, Todos Santos, San Jose del Cabo) did not get lines of communication and
supply between them?
No Camino Real south of Loreto?
Harald Pietschmann
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David K
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Oh yes they did... all missions, as I said, were connected. The Loreto to San Diego trail gets all the attention and has more documentation, that's
all.
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David K
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Harald, looking over the letters written by Padre Juan María Salvatierra I could glean some population figures...
In June 1698, the California colony had 22 Spaniards.
On July 9, 1699, Salvatierra wrote that the Loreto presidio consisted of 27 soldiers with more expected to arrive soon.
I found a population report for the number of non-native Californians in the year 1700, when there were only two missions...
March 1, 1700, from a letter by Padre Salvatierra:
66 persons: padres, soldiers, muleteers, Filipinos, Christian Indians from the mainland, two Spanish soldiers of fortune, besides women and children.
In a letter dated August 29, 1701, Salvatierra reports of being somewhat in danger because of only having 16 soldiers for protection as the others had
to be dismissed for lack of money to pay them.
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David K
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Harald, here are some more population figures for soldiers:
At the beginning of the 18th Century, there were 12 men and even less.
In 1712, there were 20 soldiers; in 1715 there were 23; and in 1717, 25.
Data is from 'Black Robes in Lower California' c1952.
From 1708-1719 there 5 missions open (Loreto, San Javier, Ligüí, Mulegé, Comondú) plus the Jesuits of the time also were calling the visitas of
San Juan Londó and Dolores: missions. ['Dolores' was north of Loreto and not the site of the 1721 mission of Dolores to the south]
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motoged
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David,
I don't see any info you posted here answering Harald's question about indigenous populations and their roles in catholic/christian imperialism.
Maybe a typo ?
Don't believe everything you think....
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4x4abc
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so, Dolores north of Loreto is a lost mission?
Harald Pietschmann
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DaliDali
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| Quote: Originally posted by motoged | David,
I don't see any info you posted here answering Harald's question about indigenous populations and their roles in catholic/christian imperialism.
Maybe a typo ?
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Ged.....no matter how hard one tries, you just can't get that toothpaste back in the tube....It is was it was....a slice of world history
What was the role of indigenous peoples in Canada when the "crown" and France swept in and over run them with their brand of Christian Imperialism?
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motoged
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| Quote: Originally posted by DaliDali | | Quote: Originally posted by motoged | David,
I don't see any info you posted here answering Harald's question about indigenous populations and their roles in catholic/christian imperialism.
Maybe a typo ?
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Ged.....no matter how hard one tries, you just can't get that toothpaste back in the tube....It is was it was....a slice of world history
What was the role of indigenous peoples in Canada when the "crown" and France swept in and over run them with their brand of Christian Imperialism?
|
 we are not talking about toothpaste for a start....
The role of indigenous peoples in these situations is to die of disease, loss of their cultures, and becoming victims of slavery, ethnic oppression,
physical, psychological and/or sexual abuse, and in Canada's case institutional (residential school/family break-ups) applications.
Still no comments re: indigenous numbers, etc re: this patch of missions .
This big trail mission thing seems to glorify the invaders and their impact on indigenous people....just sayin' .
Your attempt to divert the question with a Canadian reference doesn't really do much to weaken any questions about the inglorious history...other than
to question where else has it occured.
Thanks for pointing that out.
Don't believe everything you think....
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DaliDali
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| Quote: Originally posted by motoged | | Quote: Originally posted by DaliDali | | Quote: Originally posted by motoged | David,
I don't see any info you posted here answering Harald's question about indigenous populations and their roles in catholic/christian imperialism.
Maybe a typo ?
|
Ged.....no matter how hard one tries, you just can't get that toothpaste back in the tube....It is was it was....a slice of world history
What was the role of indigenous peoples in Canada when the "crown" and France swept in and over run them with their brand of Christian Imperialism?
|
we are not talking about toothpaste for a start....
The role of indigenous peoples in these situations is to die of disease, loss of their cultures, and becoming victims of slavery, ethnic oppression,
physical, psychological and/or sexual abuse, and in Canada's case institutional (residential school/family break-ups) applications.
Still no comments re: indigenous numbers, etc re: this patch of missions .
This big trail mission thing seems to glorify the invaders and their impact on indigenous people....just sayin' .
Your attempt to divert the question with a Canadian reference doesn't really do much to weaken any questions about the inglorious history...other than
to question where else has it occured.
Thanks for pointing that out. |
The CA question is relevant in that "invaders" did in fact, also invade CA...did they or did they not? Are you not the prodigy of these "crown"
invaders?...after 250 years or so.....can you notate the feeling you have about all that?
It would seem your trying to lay blame where there is none.
Invaders invade.....that is what they did......even in what is now known as CA.
And all 250 odd years or so ago....
Do you STILL hold that grudge about CA invaders?
And STILL no notes, you told me you had to consult about CA immigration.
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TMW
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I would have to do some digging but I seem to remember reading what the Indian population at various missions was (probably round numbers) when first
started and what it was at the end.
In Edward W. Vernon's book "Las Misiones Antiguas", The Spanish Missions of Baja California, he has a section in the front on the Indians. He states
that derived statistics indicate that the 30,000-40,000 aboriginals who occupied the Jesuits territories on the arrivial of the Europeans, shrank to
fewer than 7,000, as shown by the census taken at the Jesuits' expulsion in 1768.
Further reading on the subject is provided by Dr. Michael Mathes who has published studies on the Indian population and also Robert H. Jackson, in the
Spanish Borderlands Source Book.
[Edited on 6-22-2018 by TMW]
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norte
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| Quote: Originally posted by David K | Harald, looking over the letters written by Padre Juan María Salvatierra I could glean some population figures...
In June 1698, the California colony had 22 Spaniards.
On July 9, 1699, Salvatierra wrote that the Loreto presidio consisted of 27 soldiers with more expected to arrive soon.
I found a population report for the number of non-native Californians in the year 1700, when there were only two missions...
March 1, 1700, from a letter by Padre Salvatierra:
66 persons: padres, soldiers, muleteers, Filipinos, Christian Indians from the mainland, two Spanish soldiers of fortune, besides women and children.
In a letter dated August 29, 1701, Salvatierra reports of being somewhat in danger because of only having 16 soldiers for protection as the others had
to be dismissed for lack of money to pay them.
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Where did you get these letters? and did you translate them?
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David K
Honored Nomad
Posts: 64480
Registered: 8-30-2002
Location: San Diego County
Member Is Offline
Mood: Have Baja Fever
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| Quote: Originally posted by motoged | David,
I don't see any info you posted here answering Harald's question about indigenous populations and their roles in catholic/christian imperialism.
Maybe a typo ?
|
He asked several questions and I answered some, got sidetracked on them. I am easy to contact if you needed me to look up something I missed. I can
only retrieve data if the missionaries documented it... by going through several books as no single book has all the answers... One purpose of my book
was to condense lots of interesting facts into a single book.
I am not religious or a Catholic, so I am only seeing this as actions that happened, rather than choosing to ignore or promote past actions. In short,
Spain wanted California (the peninsula or island) and the mission system was (at that time) the way Spain educated the natives to be productive
Spanish citizens and not kill European or Mexican-born people in California.
I am re-reading 'Black Robes in Lower California' and as I find population figures, I will continue to share them with everyone. Other sources are
Harry Crosby's 'Antigua California' as well as others including numerous letters from the missionaries that have been preserved and published. In my
book is an extensive reference list giving nearly all of the books about the missions.
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